 Glacial water is one of the purest and most natural forms of water on earth. It is derived from rain and snow that has been slowly filtered over time through layers of rock and sediment. This process results in water that is naturally high in minerals and other nutrients that are beneficial for the skin. About three-quarters of Earth's freshwater is stored in glaciers. Therefore, glacier rise is the second largest reservoir of water on Earth and the largest reservoir of freshwater on Earth! What is a glacier? A glacier is a large, perennial accumulation of crystalline ice, snow, rock, sediment, and often liquid water that originates on land and moves down slope under the influence of its own weight and gravity. Typically, glaciers exist and may even form in areas where:
Why Is glacier water blue? Glacial ice is a different color from regular ice. It is so blue because the dense of ice of the glacier absorbs every other color of the spectrum excerpt blue- so blue is what we see. Blue ice occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of the glacier. During compression, air bubbles are squeezed out, so ice crystals enlarge. This enlargement is responsible for the ice's blue colour. Sometimes the glacial ice appears almost turquoise. Its crystalline structure strongly scatters blue light. The ice on a glacier has been there for a really long time and has been compacted down so that its structure is pretty different fro the ice you normally see. Glacier ice is not just compacted snow. There are other things in the ice that make it much different fro the ice in your home. Glaciers move through roc and soil as they carve their way down a slope. This means the ice is going to have more ingredients than just water. Glacial water in skincare products is actually beneficial for the environment. They point out that the water is a renewable resource and that the packaging of the products is often recyclable. The debate surrounding the use of glacial water in skincare products is likely to continue. However, there is no denying that the water is a natural and eco-friendly ingredient that can provide numerous benefits for the skin. Water does play an important role in helping the other active ingredients in a product perform. But what about specialty waters in skin care? Products that feature mineral waters from such geologically unique places as the Dead Sea or Glaciers, botanical waters including rose and artichoke, and, lately, waters that have been steeped in so-called healing energies, are all at the ready. Do these superwaters bring more purity to a product or more skin benefits than today’s typical water? Let's dive in further.. These type of hydrator starts as rainfall, snow, and ice residing atop a glacier that trickles its way downslope, filtering through mountains’ porous, volcanic rock, dubbed “tuff,” and collecting trace minerals before running underground to pick up volcanic minerals from lava rock. Finally, it emerges via ancient lava fields and thermal baths. Yes, glacial water is better traveled than we are. They have a revitalizing and cooling effect in cosmetics. The Glacier Water contributes to a naturally soft hair, and as a refreshing effect in skin care. It has a cleansing effect on hair and scalp. Of the thousands of exotic and instant-results ingredients touted in skin care, one has remained at the forefront for hundreds of years: plain and simple H2O. Skin dry and tired? Drink more water! It’s a nice idea — that something so readily available can also be a cure-all for skin. But it’s also a pretty broken one. Research hasn’t really backed up the idea that consuming water will make skin more hydrated. Here’s what we do know: Our skin needs hydration, which is why water is found in so many of our beauty products. “ Water typically acts as more than just a filler [in skin-care products],” says Raja Sivamani, MD, a dermatologist and assistant professor of clinical dermatology at UC Davis, who holds additional specialties in bioengineering and Ayurvedic medicine. “It contributes to the physical and chemical properties of a skin-care product.” Glacial water is a superhero ingredient that boosts collagen production, supplies and protects the skin with potent antioxidants, and helps the skin maintain its hydration and elasticity.  Hispar Glacier Lake, PakistanSimply put, a glacier is a giant mass of ice that moves slowly over land. They form than more snow piles up than melts, allowing huge amounts of snow to collect over time. And these masses of ice are constantly moving. That's why glaciers are called slowly moving rivers of ice. As you might guess, it’s an incredibly long process and Earth’s glaciers formed over thousands of years — so every glacier you’ll encounter is an ancient creature. HERE ARE THE TOP 12 LARGEST GLACIERS IN THE WORLD 1. VATNAJÖKULL GLACIER
At the foot of Vatnajökull Glacier ripples the dramatic Jökulsárlón Glacier Lagoon. Take a boat ride and gape at the brilliantly white icebergs that sluggishly drift on their way to the sea. More often than not, seals bask on top of the icebergs, greeting visitors with soft grunts and “humphs.” The ice caves form during the winter months in the outlet glaciers of Vatnajökull, one of the biggest glaciers in Europe by volume. Most of the ice caves are formed as canals for water that run through or at the bottom of the glacier. The water digs its way from underneath the glacier and forms the caves. Usually, they are formed in the summer when the flow of meltwater is at its peak. Then they are full of water and not accessible. When the shedding stops during fall, the flow of water in the cave greatly reduces and usually stops completely throughout the winter. The temperature becomes cold enough to strengthen the ice. As a result, what you have left is an ice cave.  Vatnajökull Glacier Ice Cave, Iceland2. ALETSCH GLACIER
The Aletsch Glacier or Great Aletsch Glacier is the largest glacier in the Alps lying in the Bernese Alps of south-central Switzerland. It has a length of about 23 km, has about a volume of 15.4 km³, and covers about 81.7 km² in the eastern Bernese Alps in the Swiss canton of Valais. With an unbelievable 10 billion tons of ice, the Great Aletsch glacier is part of the Unesco World Heritage Site and is the Alps' mightiest ice flow. What is a Glacier Cave? Glacier caves are very captivating. They form when a cave or hole is carved out of the glacier by the runoff meltwater that courses through the glaciers during the summer months. When the weather begins to cool, and the glacier takes back on some of its size, the caves will freeze allowing visitors to walk through them. It should be noted that it is never recommended to go inside one alone, no matter the outdoor experience you have. Glacier caves can change from day to day, and it takes the trained eye of a professional to determine if they are safe to enter or not.  The Aletsch Glacier, Switzerland3. COLUMBIA ICEFIELD GLACIER
 Athabasca Ice Caves, Jasper, Alberta4. PERITO MORENO GLACIER
Nobody knows the exact reason why this massive ice floe doesn’t seem to care about rising temperatures. However, one thing is for sure — the glacier is alive and kicking. Believe it or not, this natural wonder isn’t actually in Perito Moreno – it’s over 500km south of the town. Instead, the vast glacier sits tucked away in the southwest of Argentine Patagonia at Los Glaciares National Park. Teeming with 600,000 hectares of glacial lakes, rugged mountain peaks. Whilst most glaciers in the world retreat, Perito Moreno Glacier in Argentina is one of the few that is advancing. This means as the glacier grows in size, cracks and crevasses appear at the terminus, resulting in chunks of ice breaking off and crashing into the ice field below. Covering an area of over 250 square metres, as these dense masses of ice move from the glacier, they slowly carve into Lake Argentino depositing large icebergs.  Perito Moreno Glacier, Argentina5. MÝRDALSJÖKULL GLACIER
Glacial ice caves come and go, often carved out by melt via water whirlpools that find their way through cones of sand or pumice embedded in the glacier. Located in South Iceland, Mýrdalsjökull covers one of Iceland’s largest volcanoes. When it comes to Mýrdalsjökull’s geology, scientists stand in silent awe. The impressive glacier covers Katla, the most powerful and active volcano in the country. The caldera of the volcano has a diameter of 10 km (6 mi) and has erupted a record 20 times since 930 AD. Mýrdalsjökull Glacier ice caves are remarkable natural wonders. They are formed when glacier meltwater carves an opening into the ice. Glaciers are living creatures that constantly move. Because of this, ice caves change all the time. Sometimes new ice caves form. Other times, they change their appearance and occasionally disappear altogether. Intriguingly, glacier guides come across undiscovered ice caves every year. In fact, Mýrdalsjökull is dotted with secret ice caves we may not even know about.  Myrdalsjokull Glacier, Iceland6. JOSTEDAL GLACIER
The Jostedal Glacier National Park surrounds Jostedalsbreen - the largest glacier in Norway on the continent of Europe. This is a big plateau glacier with many glacial outcroppings. In the national park there are also many smaller separate glaciers. Glaciers and water have shaped the landscape with many moraines and other geologically interesting phenomena like this blue ice cave.  Jostedal Glacier, Norway7. MENDENHALL GLACIER
The glacier is about 1.5 miles (2.4 km) wide and more than 100 feet (30 metres) high at its terminus. It flows from the southern half of the huge Juneau Icefield, which begins in the Boundary Ranges along the Alaska-Canada border. A relic of the Little Ice Age that lasted until the mid-18th century, the Mendenhall Glacier is an example of a receding glacier (about 100 to 150 feet [30 to 45 metres] a year), displaying raw glacier moraine with exposed remnants of a long-buried forest. It is part of Tongass National Forest and is located 13 miles (21 km) northwest of Juneau.  Mendenhall Glacier, Alaska, United States of AmericaGlaciers are Alaska's #1 tourist attraction. Alaska is home to more than 664 glaciers according to the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS). From the Juneau Icefield to the far North, tens of thousands of them cover the state. In fact, 10 times more of Alaska is covered by glaciers than is settled by humans! With so many to choose from, it's hard to decide which ones you should make an effort to see. Approximately one quarter (4.6 million acres) of Alaska's glaciers exist within national parks. Glaciers require three conditions to form: abundant snowfall, cool summers, and the gravitational flow of ice. Glaciers form in land areas where annual snowfall is greater than annual snowmelt. Some areas in Alaska, such as the Harding Icefield in Kenai Fjords National Park, receives an average of 60 feet of snow each year. Large amounts of snowfall, combined with cool summers and gravity, form multiple, connected glaciers over time, known as an icefield. We've put together this list of 10 must-see glaciers in Southeast Alaska to help make your decision a bit easier. You'll still have some choices to make though; it's impossible to see every glacier on this list in just one trip. But that just means you have to come back, right? You'll decide which of the first two glaciers on our list you'll see when you book your cruise. To prevent overcrowding and help with conservation, Alaskan authorities allow cruise lines to visit either Hubbard Glacier or Glacier Bay, but not both. Both are spectacular, so no worries there. Hubbard Glacier is a valley glacier that outlets near Yakutat, Alaska in Disenchantment Bay. The surging glacier has a tendency to dam off the waters of Russell Fjord on its left. The glacier closed off this waterway twice within about 15 years, causing the water levels in the resulting lake to rise dramatically. Hubbard Glacier is one of the more "active" glaciers, routinely calving icebergs the size of 10-story buildings. Most of this glacier exists below the waterline and the icebergs can appear quite suddenly, so your ship will be staying pretty far away from this one. No one wants a Titanic repeat  Hubbard Glacier, Alaska, United States of AmericaLaughton Glacier Laughton Glacier is located just north of Skagway, flowing off the Sawtooth Range into the watershed of the Skagway River. It is an impressive hanging glacier. The teaming rush of glacial melt quickly grabs your attention until the dramatic backdrop of the Sawtooth Range and Laughton Glacier come into focus. Denver Glacier Denver Glacier is another hike-to glacier off of WP&YR railroad. This one starts at mile 5, conveniently marked by an awesome red caboose (which you can rent overnight if you have the time!). The Denver Glacier is a hanging glacier. It originates at the Alaska-Canada boundary and extends northwest for 13.7 km (8.5 mi) until it reaches its terminus, which is located 2.6 km (1.4 mi) east of Twin Dewey Peaks and 6.4 km (4 mi) east of Skagway. It is situated in the Coast Mountains. Davidson Glacier The Davidson Glacier outside of Haines is an awesome valley glacier that originally extended all the way into the Lynn Canal. It's receded as of late but still cuts an impressive picture as you cruise the Canal towards Skagway. The glacial flow extends back through the Chilkat mountains until it merges with ice flow that forms Glacier Bay on the opposite side of the landmass. One of the more exclusive glaciers on this list. Harding Glacier President Harding is the only president to ever visit Skagway. Perhaps that's because shortly after his visit he died of an apparent heart attack. The mountain directly opposite Skagway's harbor was summited near his visit and renamed Mt. Harding. The hanging glacier attached to the peak became Harding Glacier. This glacier can be viewed from the town of Skagway. The 700-square-mile Harding Icefield, one of four major ice caps in the United States, crowns Kenai Fjords National Park. The icefield may be a remnant of the Pleistocene ice masses once covering half of Alaska. The magnificent coastline of Kenai Fjords is steep valleys that were carved by glaciers in retreat. Active glaciers still calve and crash into the sea. Sea stacks, islets, and tagged shoreline are remnants of mountains now inching imperceptibly into the sea under the geological force of the North Pacific tectonic plate.  Harding Glacier, Alaska, United States of AmericaTaku Glacier The largest of the Juneau Icefield Glaciers, Taku Glacier is a tide water glacier. Its claim to fame is being the deepest and thickest glacier known to man. The glacier is over 4800 feet thick! Taku Glacier also happens to be one of the few advancing glaciers left in the world and the only advancing glacier of the major glaciers in the Juneau Icefield. The Taku Glacier located in Taku inlet of Alaska is the deepest and thickest glacier of the world measuring a maximum depth of almost 1500 meters and a length of about 58 kilometers. Glacier Bay (Grand Pacific Glacier) Glacier Bay, as the name suggests, is home to a number of different glaciers. The Grand Pacific Glacier is located at the northwestern end of the Bay and is the widest glacier in the park, coming in around two miles wide. Glacier Bay collects many glaciers flowing from the tall surrounding mountains with abundant snowfall. As recently as 1750 a single glacier thousands of feet thick filled what is now a 65-mile long fjord. This glacial retreat has exposed a resilient land that hosts a succession of marine and terrestrial life. Most visitors will see either Margerie or Lamplugh glaciers. The steep drop off of the Margerie Glacier means that your ship can get up close and personal with this tidewater glacier. Glacier Bay is an interesting stop because you can actually view receding and advancing glaciers side by side. The glaciers of the Fairweather Range on the western side are advancing while the glaciers of the Chilkat Range to the east are receding. Lemon Creek Glacier Lemon Creek Glacier is geographically situated between glaciers in the contiguous USA. It is located in Juneau as part of the massive Juneau Icefield. It is about 5 miles from downtown Juneau, and if you're really brave you can hike the Lemon Creek trail. It's 4.3 miles of mud, stinging nettles, cordouroy log sections and washouts. Lemon Creek Glacier is located at the southernmost tip of the Juneau Icefield in Southeast Alaska, USA, approximately 6.5 km northeast of the city of Juneau. It is a subarctic alpine glacier in a maritime climate. It is a subarctic alpine glacier in a maritime climate. The glacier flows northward from its accumulation zone and spans 900 m of elevation, from approximately 600 to 1500 m. Lemon Creek Glacier is in a 31.9 km2 basin and had an area of 9.7 km. The glacier can be divided into four sections: 1) Steep peripheral northern and western margins draining into the main valley portion of the glacier. 2) A low slope (40) upper accumulation zone from 1220 m to 1050 m. 3) A steeper section (60) in the ablation zone as the glacier turns west from 1050-850 m. 4) An icefall (180) leading to the two fingered termini at 600 m. The maximum thickness exceeding 200 m is 1 km above the icefall Herbert Glacier The Herbert Glacier is 8miles long, another Juneau Icefield example, is about 5 miles north of the Mendenhall glacie. Herbert Glacier features a dramatic backdrop of snow-capped peaks. Herbert Glacier drains the west side of the 4000 square kilometer Juneau Icefield in Southeast Alaska. It is the glacier just north of the more well known Mendenhall Glacier and just south of Eagle Glacier. The glacier descended out of the mountains ending on the coastal plain  Herbert Glacier, Alaska United States of America8. PASTERZE GLACIER
The most spectacular point of the Pasterze Glacier Trail is Hufeisenbruch, where the majestic towers of ice reign supreme. Go back in time and marvel at ice formations frozen thousands of years ago. Pasterze Glacier spreads a length of roughly 8.4 kilometres (5.2 miles), and is Austria's and the Eastern Alps' longest glacier.  Pasterze Glacier, Austria9. FRANZ JOSEF GLACIER
Once the helicopter drops you off in the middle of the ice, you might just freeze in awe at the icy expanse in front of you. The glacier is ever-changing, meaning no single trip to Franz Josef is the same. Named after Austrian emperor, Franz Josef is about 3 mi (5 km) from the town of the same name.  Franz Josef Glacier, New Zealand10. BALTORO GLACIER
If you’re planning a trip to Pakistan, make sure it’s done with a registered tour operator. Currently, most foreign governments advise against travel to many parts of the country.  Baltoro Glacier, PakistanPakistan contains more glacial ideas than any other country on Earth outside of the polar region. Almost all of them are located in the northern regions of Gilgit-Baltistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Glaciers of Pakistan are absolutely fascinating. A country not known particularly for its tourism industry, Pakistan offers untouched beauty that isn’t always easy to find nowadays. But what do we need to know about the glaciers of Pakistan? Keep reading to find out… Glaciers of Pakistan are a common sight along these trek sites and expeditions, as they are in most alpine regions. Pakistan has about 7,200 glaciers, making it the third pole beside the Antarctic and Arctic. With that said, let’s dive into the first fact! Pakistan, Home to More than 7,000 Glaciers It is estimated that Pakistan has over 7,253 glaciers at the moment. Because of this number, Pakistan is one of the most glaciated countries outside the polar regions. Most of these glaciers are located in the northern part of the country and are breathtakingly beautiful. These iconic glaciers are accompanied by hidden valleys, soaring peaks, and many trekking routes. If you are up for adventures, then you can pack your gear and set yourself up for a trekking venture along these marvelous glaciers. Glaciers are Growing in Size Climate change has been affecting the glaciers of Pakistan significantly. However, resources have revealed that some of the glaciers in Pakistan are growing in size instead of shrinking. Environmentalists call this unusual phenomenon is as “The Karakoram Anomaly.” Why this phenomenon is occurring in Pakistan still remains a mystery. Scientists believe the rubble covering the glaciers provides insulation against climate change. No matter what the reason behind this paradoxical phenomenon is, the Karakoram Anomaly remains a fascinating concept. Homes the World’s Fifth-Longest Glacier One least known fact about the glaciers of Pakistan is that it includes some of the world’s longest glaciers outside the polar regions. The Baltoro Glacier, which runs 63 km long, is the fifth-longest glacier in the world. Moreover, it is also home to some of the world’s tallest mountains, including K2, Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, and Gasherbrum II. To witness this beautiful glacier in person is a treat for nature lovers. Baltoro has been famous for its unreal location and awestruck grandeur, which helped it get the nickname “The Throne Room of the World.” If you ever visit Baltoro glaciers, make sure to explore dozens of smaller glaciers nearby. Biafo Glacier is Pakistan’s Longest Glacier Biafo glacier is one of the longest glaciers of Pakistan. This scenic glacier runs 67 km long with the starting point in Askole and runs all the way to the North to trespass the Hispar Glacier. Among the many glaciers of Pakistan, Biafo is considered relatively comfortable for camping. The bottom of the Biafo glacier has semi-arid meadows that the locals often use for grazing their cattle. The scenery at the Biafo glacier is stunning, and it even surpasses the beauty of the Baltoro. The snow lake and the Hispar La pas are a few key attractions to visit at the Biafo glacier. Campsites along the Biafo are placed away from the glacier, near lateral moraines and steep hillsides. Magnificent Alpine Landscapes at Siachen Glacier Siachen glacier hosts some of the most awestruck alpine landscapes and picturesque mountains. You might have discovered alpine landscapes, but none could ever be compared to the ones found in Siachen. Even though we all might want to visit this glorious glacier, however, right now, it is impossible. Perhaps there could be a time when the battle between the two nations would be resolved, and we can explore this snowy heaven. I am sure none of us is going to miss out on this one!Siachen glacier has some of the rarest species of animals, like snow leopards, ibex, and brown bears, besides picturesque glaciers and alpine landscapes. The saddest part is that these species are getting extinct because of the military activities in the region.  Siachen Glacier, PakistanPakistan’s Longest Glaciers are in the North Something we are already aware of is that the number of glaciers in Pakistan is enormous. If you ever travel to the northern region of the country, like Hunza, Chitral, or Baltistan, it is mandatory for you to run into a glacier. Most of these glaciers are the longest outside the polar regions and are a must-visit for adventure lovers. Pakistan Gets a lot out of its Glaciers The glaciers of Pakistan not only aid in the country’s beauty and promote tourism, but it also has many other benefits. One shocking fact is that the Indus river exists mainly due to these glaciers. This mighty river is accountable for the agricultural industry of Pakistan, mainly in the Punjab and adjoining areas. Apart from the rivers, these glaciers are also responsible for maintaining a normal temperature. Without glaciers, the temperatures in these areas would be extremely hot. The Gasherbrum Glacier Lacks Vegetation The Gasherbrum glacier is located at the base of Gasherbrum Mountain in the Baltistan region of Ladakh. The weather here is extremely cold and remains below-freezing levels, due to which vegetation in the Gasherbrum glacier is nearly impossible. However, as the Gasherbrum glacier provides stunning views of the Nanga Parbat and many other mountains in the surrounding area, tourists visit it for climbing, mountaineering, and hiking. Record-Breaking Glacier Surge in Pakistan Due to climate change and many other reasons, the glaciers of Pakistan have been reported to go through surges. Pakistan’s Kutiah Glacier records the fastest glacier surge. It traveled more than 12 kilometers in three months in 1953. Yearly a number of glaciers are facing surges due to many reasons, including climate change. Recently environmentalists have reported a faster-than-usual melting of glaciers due to high-temperature records. Since then, major villages and even cities in the North have been facing flash floods. The glaciers of Pakistan are essentially the backbone of all northern civilization as it provides much-needed irrigation to the nearby villages. The natives have been utilizing these glaciers for building networks of pipes to irrigate crops and remove chunks for the refrigeration of staples. There wouldn’t be any life in the harsh North without these glaciers!  Gasherbrum Glacier, Pakistan11. Lambert Glacier
Ice streams are part of an ice sheet that move faster than the surrounding ice. As the largest glacier in the world, the Lambert Glacier, is an ice stream is one of the world's fastest-moving ice streams. (Ice streams are parts of an ice sheet that move faster than the sheet as a whole.). Most of the Lambert Glacier itself has velocities between 400-800 meters (1,310-2,620 feet) per year, with a slight slowing in the middle section. As the glacier extends across Amery Ice Shelf, velocities increase to 1,000-1,200 meters (3,280-3,937 feet) per year. Glaciers, like Lambert Glacier and other ice streams, are sometimes nicknamed “rivers of ice,” because—just like rivers—they flow from places of high elevation to low elevation. Glaciers flow with frozen water, while rivers flow with liquid. Lambert Glacier flows from the Antarctic ice sheet (on the interior of the continent) to the Amery ice shelf, a narrow inlet in East Antarctica.  Lambert Glacier Ice Sheets, AntarcticaAntartica is home to over 200,000 glaciers distinct from the ice sheets; and if all of these glaciers were to melt, they would increase sea level by just under half a meter (1.6 feet). If the entire Antarctic Ice Sheet melted, sea level would rise about 60 meters (197 feet). Antarctica is the world’s largest ice sheet, covering ~14,000,000 km2. Much of the Antarctic ice sheet surface lies above 3000m above sea level. This massive thickness of ice drowns whole mountain ranges, and numerous volcanoes exist underneath the icey exterior. The Antarctic continent comprises three ice sheets: the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Most of Antarctica is covered by ice (~98%), with ice-free areas on, for example, nunataks (high mountains poking through the ice sheet), James Ross Island and Alexander Island on the Antarctic Peninsula, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys in East Antarctica. The Antarctic Ice Sheet is drained by fast-flowing ice streams, which respond quickly to climate change; they can thin, accelerate, recede, or even stop flowing entirely. Beneath the thick skin of ice, there is flowing water and subglacial lakes. Antarctic glaciers terminate on land or in the sea, as floating ice shelves or grounded or floating outlet glaciers. The Antarctic Ice Sheet contains 25,400,000 km3 of ice, which, if it melted, would be equivalent to a sea level rise of 58 m. The ice sheet is over 4000 m thick in places, and in places, the West Antarctic Ice Sheet is grounded more than 1500 m below sea level. The coldest temperature ever recorded on Earth was at Vostok: -89.2°C on 21st July 1983. At its thickest point, the Antarctic the ice sheet is 4,776 meters deep. It averages 2,160 meters thick, making Antarctica the highest continent. This ice is 90 percent of all the world's ice and 70 percent of all the world's fresh water. Glaciologists unveiled the latest topographical map of Antarctica, developed by the BedMachine project, which is the most accurate profile of the land beneath the ice sheet. The researchers in the datasheet found the deepest point on continental Earth. The lowest exposed point on land is located at the Dead Sea shore which is 413 meters (about 1,355ft) below sea level. But the lowest point on land goes even deeper, as revealed by the new BedMachine data. At about 3500 meters ( about 11500 feet) below sea-level, the world's deepest canyon on land was found beneath Denman Glacier in East Antarctica. Mathieu Morlighem from the University of California, Irvine explained, “Ultimately, BedMachine Antarctica presents a mixed picture: Ice streams in some areas are relatively well-protected by their underlying ground features, while others on retrograde beds are shown to be more at risk from potential marine ice sheet instability.” Outside the Antarctic, the largest glaciers (about 3,000 km2) are Malaspina-Seward Glacier in Alaska followed by Wykeham Glacier South in the Canadian Arctic and Bering Glacier in Alaska. Antarctica is largely made up of three ice sheets (Antarctic Peninsula, West Antarctic and East Antarctic), which are drained by outlet glaciers. Together, they contain 27 million km3 of ice. Some people divide these three ice sheets up further into 24 large drainage basins. These drainage basins can be further subdivided into outlet glaciers that drain the ice sheet. There are also many glaciers around the periphery of the three main ice sheets. Wikipedia lists over 500 of named glaciers. Many thousands more, both large and small, have no name as yet. 195 distinct glaciers can be mapped on the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula alone, including outlet glaciers that drain the Antarctic Peninsula Ice Sheet and separate mountain glaciers and ice caps. Many of these have no name and so do not appear on the Wikipedia list. Bliss et al. found 1133 ice caps and 1619 mountain glaciers from glaciers around the periphery of the Antarctic Ice Sheet overall – so, exluding the three main ice sheets.  Denman Glacier, AntarcticaDenman Glacier is the deepest point on continental Earth. Researchers have found that the Denman Glacier in East Antarctica has retreated 5km in the past 22 years. If fully thawed, the ice in the Denman Glacier would cause sea levels worldwide to rise approximately 1.5m. This ice-filled canyon reaches 3.5km (11,500ft) below sea level. Only in the ocean are the valleys deeper still. Seller Glacier is a well-defined glacier, 20 nautical miles long and 4 nautical miles wide flowing westward into Forster Ice Piedmont, western Antarctic Peninsula, just north of Flinders Peak. The largest glacier in the world is Seller Glacier with an area of 7,018 square kilometers (2,710 square miles) located on the Antarctic Peninsula. Thwaites Glacier is an unusually broad and vast Antarctic glacier located east of Mount Murphy, on the Walgreen Coast of Marie Byrd Land. Thwaites is the widest glacier on Earth, at ~120 km (~80 miles) wide. Its fastest flowing grounded ice is centred between 50 and 100 km (31 and 62 mi) east of Mount Murphy on the north coast of West Antarctica Pine Island Glacier (PIG) is a large ice stream, and the fastest melting glacier in Antarctica, responsible for about 25% of Antarctica's ice loss. Pine Island Glacier is one of the largest ice streams in Antarctica. It flows, together with Thwaites Ice Stream, into the Amundsen Sea embayment in West Antarctica, and the two ice streams together drain ~5% of the Antarctic Ice Sheet1. Pine Island Glacier flows at rates of up to 4000 m per year2. Pine Island Glacier is of interest to scientists because it is changing rapidly; it is thinning, accelerating and receding3, all of which contribute directly to sea level, and its future under a warming climate is uncertain. Pine Island Glacier is buttressed by a large, floating ice shelf, which helps to stabilise the glacier, but this ice shelf is itself thinning and recently calved a huge iceberg.  Seller Glacier, Antarctica12. Flade Isblink Glacier
This large and flat ice cap is separated from the Greenland ice sheet and is the largest independent ice cap in Greenland. It is located between the Wandel Sea to the north and Amdrup Land and Antarctic Bay to the south. Romer Lake and the Princess Elizabeth Alps extend southwestwards at the western end and to the east lies the Fram Strait and the Greenland Sea. The ice cap covers most of the northern part of Crown Prince Christian Land and is about 8,500 km2 (3,300 sq mi) in area. The underlying bedrock is roughly 100 m (330 ft) above sea level. The Flade Isblink has two ice domes, the North Dome and the larger South Dome. Kilen is a roughly triangular stretch of unglaciated flat land in the eastern shore with its apex in the ice cap between the two domes. The northern section of the ice cap is drained by two outlet glaciers flowing in a roughly northwestern direction. The northeastern corner of Greenland, Nordostrundingen, extends into the sea at the eastern  Flade Isblink Glacier, Greenland
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